Early Dynasties and Influences (Pre-1st Century BCE – 3rd Century CE)
Before the rise of major dynasties like the Satavahanas, the region that encompasses modern-day Maharashtra was influenced by various smaller kingdoms and external powers. These early dynasties and influences laid the groundwork for the socio-political and cultural fabric of the Deccan plateau, shaping the region’s identity.
Mahajanapadas and Regional Kingdoms:
During the 6th century BCE, the Deccan was influenced by the Mahajanapadas (great kingdoms) of northern India, though they never directly ruled the region. Local tribes and kingdoms, such as the Assakas or Ashmakas, ruled parts of what is now Maharashtra. The region was relatively decentralized, with tribal chieftains governing smaller territories.
Nandas and Mauryan Influence:
The Deccan came under the influence of the Nanda Dynasty and later the Mauryan Empire under Emperor Ashoka in the 3rd century BCE. The Mauryan administration brought organized governance and trade expansion to the region. Ashoka's inscriptions in and around Maharashtra, particularly in Sopara (present-day Nala Sopara), indicate the extent of Mauryan control and influence over the area.
Buddhism and Jainism:
The early influences in the Deccan were marked by the spread of Buddhism and Jainism. The Mauryan era, especially under Ashoka, saw the promotion of Buddhist ideals throughout the region, with the establishment of stupas and viharas. Important trade routes, such as the Dakshinapatha, helped spread Buddhist and Jain teachings across the Deccan.
Cave Architecture:
One of the most enduring legacies of these early influences is the rock-cut architecture, which flourished during this period. The Bhaja and Bedse caves, among others in western Maharashtra, were carved during the Mauryan and post-Mauryan periods, showcasing early Buddhist monastic traditions. These caves also reflect the region’s connection to broader cultural and religious movements across India.
Satavahanas:
The decline of Mauryan power in the 2nd century BCE led to the rise of the Satavahana Dynasty, who are credited with consolidating the Deccan under a more unified rule. However, prior to their dominance, smaller dynasties and tribal confederations governed the region.
Kushanas and Western Kshatrapas:
During the 1st and 2nd centuries CE, the Kushanas and Western Kshatrapas extended their influence into the Deccan from the north-west. Though their presence in Maharashtra was minimal, they played a role in shaping the regional politics and trade networks, linking the Deccan to international trade routes with Central Asia and the Roman Empire.